LESSONS FROM THE 2021 PROTESTS: HAS THE REGIME LEARNED OR HARDENED?
In the wake of the 2021 pro-democracy protests, Eswatini’s government has faced mounting criticism for its violent repression and unwillingness to address the root causes of dissent. These protests, which saw citizens rise up in unprecedented numbers to demand democracy and justice, marked a critical moment in the nation’s history. By October 2022, it had become clear that while the protests shook the foundations of the monarchy’s rule, the regime’s response has been to harden its grip on power rather than embrace reform.
The 2021 protests were fueled by decades of frustration with systemic inequality, corruption, and political repression. Citizens from all walks of life came together to demand fundamental changes, including democratic representation, accountability, and an end to police brutality. The government’s response was swift and brutal. Over 80 people were killed, hundreds were injured, and many more were arrested as security forces used live ammunition, tear gas, and other violent means to crush the demonstrations. The regime’s actions left a deep scar on the nation, and the families of those who lost their lives still await justice.
One year later, the aftermath of these protests offers valuable lessons about the state of governance in Eswatini. Rather than addressing the grievances that sparked the uprising, the monarchy has doubled down on repression. Activists and community leaders who participated in the protests have faced ongoing harassment, arbitrary detention, and, in some cases, torture. Laws like the Suppression of Terrorism Act (STA) and the Sedition and Subversive Activities Act (SSA) have been weaponized to criminalize dissent and silence calls for reform. This approach reflects a regime that views its critics as enemies rather than citizens with legitimate concerns.
The lack of accountability for the violence during the protests is another indication that the government has failed to learn from this pivotal moment. Despite widespread documentation of human rights abuses by security forces, no investigations have been launched, and no officials have been held responsible. This culture of impunity sends a clear message that the state values its own survival over the rule of law and justice for its people.
At the same time, the government has sought to control the narrative surrounding the protests. State media and government officials have consistently framed the demonstrations as the work of external agitators and un-Swazi influences, dismissing the genuine frustrations of the population. This rhetoric is designed to delegitimize the movement and dissuade others from joining future protests. However, it has also deepened the divide between the state and its citizens, many of whom feel alienated and unheard.
The regime’s response has not only hardened internally but also impacted Eswatini’s standing on the international stage. While regional bodies like the Southern African Development Community (SADC) have called for dialogue, their efforts have been largely undermined by the monarchy’s refusal to engage in meaningful reform. The international community has expressed concern, but tangible actions to pressure the government remain limited. This inaction has emboldened the regime to continue its repressive tactics without fear of significant repercussions.
Despite these challenges, the 2021 protests have had a lasting impact on the pro-democracy movement in Eswatini. They demonstrated the power of collective action and inspired a new generation of activists to take up the fight for justice. Young people, in particular, have emerged as key leaders, using social media and other platforms to organize, share information, and keep the momentum alive. The protests also brought international attention to Eswatini’s struggles, galvanizing support from human rights organizations and diaspora communities.
The lessons from the protests are clear: the people of Eswatini are ready for change, but the regime remains unwilling to relinquish its grip on power. The monarchy’s hardened stance may temporarily suppress dissent, but it cannot extinguish the desire for democracy and justice that has taken root among the population. The resilience of activists and the continued pressure from the international community offer hope that the tide will eventually turn.
As we reflect on the 2021 protests, we must honor the sacrifices of those who risked and lost their lives in the pursuit of freedom. Their courage and determination remind us that the fight for democracy is far from over. The regime may have hardened, but so have the resolve and unity of the people. Together, we will continue to push for a future where every Swazi can live with dignity, justice, and the freedom to determine their own destiny. The lessons of the past must guide us as we move forward, ensuring that the voices of the people are never silenced again.
