FORCED EVICTIONS: THE ONGOING STRUGGLE FOR LAND RIGHTS IN ESWATINI
By February 2023, forced evictions continued to devastate communities across Eswatini, highlighting the persistent struggle for land rights in the kingdom. Under a system that prioritizes the monarchy and its allies over the needs of ordinary citizens, families and entire communities have been displaced, left to rebuild their lives with little to no support. These evictions are a stark reminder of the systemic inequalities that define life under King Mswati III’s rule.
The roots of Eswatini’s land governance issues lie in its dual land tenure system. Much of the land in Eswatini is held under customary tenure, managed by chiefs who allocate plots to individuals and families. While this system is rooted in tradition, it often leaves communities vulnerable to displacement, especially when land is reallocated for development projects or commercial use. The monarchy retains ultimate authority over the land, with decisions frequently favoring elites and corporate interests at the expense of ordinary Swazis.
Forced evictions in areas like Sigombeni and the Malkerns have become emblematic of this crisis. Families who have lived on their land for generations have been uprooted, often with little notice and no compensation. These evictions are typically carried out with the support of security forces, further traumatizing affected communities. Many displaced individuals are left homeless, struggling to access basic necessities like food, water, and shelter.
The impact of these evictions goes beyond physical displacement. For many Swazis, land is more than just property—it is a source of identity, livelihood, and cultural heritage. Losing access to land means losing access to stability, community ties, and the ability to sustain oneself and one’s family. For farmers, displacement often means the loss of their primary source of income, pushing them into deeper poverty.
Women, in particular, face unique challenges in the fight for land rights. Under customary law, women are often excluded from owning land in their own right and must rely on male relatives for access. This leaves them especially vulnerable to displacement and exploitation. Advocacy groups working to empower women and challenge discriminatory land practices face significant resistance, both from traditional authorities and the state.
Despite these challenges, communities have continued to resist forced evictions. Grassroots movements have organized protests, initiated legal challenges, and sought support from human rights organizations. These efforts, while often met with repression, reflect the resilience and determination of Swazis to protect their land and their rights.
The international community has expressed concern about land rights in Eswatini, with advocacy organizations highlighting forced evictions as a violation of human rights. However, these statements have yet to translate into meaningful action or pressure on the monarchy to address the issue. Global actors must do more to support affected communities, amplify their voices, and hold the regime accountable for its policies.
The fight for land rights is deeply intertwined with the broader struggle for justice and democracy in Eswatini. Forced evictions are not just a symptom of inequality—they are a tool of repression, used to disempower communities and suppress dissent. Addressing this issue requires systemic reform that prioritizes the rights and needs of ordinary citizens over the interests of the powerful.
The resilience of those fighting against forced evictions is a testament to the strength of the Swazi people. Their determination to protect their homes, their heritage, and their livelihoods is an inspiration to all who seek a more just and equitable Eswatini. While the road ahead is challenging, the fight for land rights is a fight for the soul of the nation. Together, the people of Eswatini can build a future where everyone has the security and dignity they deserve.
