A YEAR IN REVIEW: HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS AND THE FIGHT FOR DEMOCRACY IN ESWATINI

As 2022 came to a close, the state of human rights in Eswatini remained dire, with the monarchy continuing its campaign of repression against those who demand democracy and justice. The year was marked by arbitrary detentions, torture, suppression of protests, and the use of repressive laws to silence dissent. Despite these challenges, the resilience of the people and the growing strength of the pro-democracy movement provided hope for a future free from oppression. Reflecting on the past year, it is clear that while the regime hardened its grip, the fight for justice gained momentum.

One of the most glaring human rights abuses of 2022 was the continued arbitrary detention of Members of Parliament Mduduzi Bacede Mabuza and Mthandeni Dube. These two leaders, arrested in 2021 for advocating political reform, remained in custody, facing charges under the Sedition and Subversive Activities Act (SSA) and the Suppression of Terrorism Act (STA). Their detention highlighted the regime’s use of the judiciary as a tool to silence opposition. Allegations of torture during their imprisonment further underscored the government’s disregard for human rights.

Torture and inhumane treatment were not limited to high-profile cases. Activists, community leaders, and ordinary citizens arrested during protests or on vague charges reported severe abuse while in custody. These acts of violence were intended to intimidate dissenters and dissuade others from joining the movement for change. The psychological and physical scars left by these abuses serve as a testament to the regime’s willingness to use fear as a weapon against its people.

The suppression of protests was another defining feature of 2022. Security forces frequently used live ammunition, rubber bullets, and tear gas to disperse demonstrators, resulting in injuries and deaths. Protests demanding better healthcare, fair wages, and political reform were met with violence, as the regime sought to quash any sign of resistance. The targeting of women and youth, who have played critical roles in the pro-democracy movement, revealed the state’s fear of their growing influence.

Land governance issues also came to the forefront, with communities in areas like Sigombeni and the Malkerns facing forced evictions. These evictions, carried out to benefit the monarchy and its allies, left families homeless and struggling to rebuild their lives. The lack of legal protections for landowners, especially in rural areas, exposed the systemic inequalities that define life under the monarchy. Despite these challenges, affected communities continued to resist, organizing to demand justice and security of tenure.

Eswatini’s fragile healthcare system was another area of concern in 2022. Chronic underfunding, shortages of medical supplies, and inadequate facilities left millions without access to basic healthcare. Healthcare workers, who staged protests to demand better conditions, were met with indifference or repression. The government’s failure to address these issues reflected its misplaced priorities, as resources were funneled toward royal projects and extravagance.

The monarchy’s wealth and extravagance stood in stark contrast to the poverty endured by the majority of Swazis. King Mswati III’s opulent lifestyle—marked by luxury cars, lavish ceremonies, and international trips—was a constant source of resentment. This glaring inequality fueled anger among citizens and strengthened calls for reform. The regime’s inability to address the economic struggles of its people further eroded its legitimacy.

Despite these challenges, 2022 was also a year of hope and resilience. The pro-democracy movement continued to grow, with activists, unions, and grassroots organizations refusing to be silenced. Social media played a vital role in documenting human rights abuses and mobilizing support, both locally and internationally. The diaspora, too, remained active, amplifying the voices of those on the ground and advocating for global action.

The international community expressed concern about the situation in Eswatini, but meaningful action remained limited. Regional bodies like the Southern African Development Community (SADC) called for dialogue but failed to hold the monarchy accountable. Advocacy organizations like Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch continued to document abuses, keeping Eswatini’s human rights crisis on the global agenda.

As an activist, I see 2022 as a year of both struggle and determination. The regime’s repression may have intensified, but so did the resolve of the people. The sacrifices made by activists, the courage of those who continue to resist, and the solidarity of communities offer hope for a brighter future.

The fight for democracy in Eswatini is far from over. The events of 2022 remind us of the cost of freedom but also of the power of collective action. As we look to the future, we must honor the sacrifices of those who have suffered and continue to push for justice, equality, and democracy. Together, we will build a nation where every voice is heard, and every life is valued. The journey is long, but the destination—a free and just Eswatini—is worth every step.